Yathi

In Sanskrit, yathi refers to an arrangement of syllables. In addition to pRAsa (rhyming words), Dikshithar has exquisitely crafted two kinds of yathis in his kRitis. 

The Gopuccha yathi, as the name suggests, in shaped like a cow's tail. The sequence starts with a compound word, and progressively shorter, yet meaningful root words. There are atleast three examples of Gopucha yathis found in Dikshithar kritis.

In the majestic Anandabhairavi composition tyAgaraja yOga vaibhavam, the pallavi ends with a gopuccha yathi:

tyagarajayOgavaibhavam

agarAjayOgavaibhavam

rAjayOgavaibhavam

yOgavaibhavam

vaibhavam

bhavam

vam

In 'mAyE tvam yAhi' set to the rare rAga tarangiNi, there is a shorter gopuccha yathi:

sarasakAya

rasakAya

sakAya

Aya

Yet another example of a gopuccha yathi can be found in the auspicious sRI rAga kRiti 'sRI varalakShmI':

sArasapadE

rasapadE

sapadE

padE

The words in sRotovaha yathi are arranged in short to long order, like a flowing river. The example of this construct is found, again, in 'tyAgarAja yOga vaibhavam':

sham

pRakAsham

swarUpapRakAsham

tatvaswarUpaprakAsham

sakalatatvaswarUpapRakAsham

sivasaktyAdisakalatatvaswarUpapRakAsham

.. Phew! Anyone who read the last word in one go deserves a pat on the back. 

Considering a viLamba rUpaka tALa kRiti like this, only a genius like Dikshithar could pull off such a feat.

Schools of Veena

The guru-shishya (master-student) parampara is central to the evolution of Carnatic music. Although compositions have been notated and codified to an extent, there is ample scope for improvisation and extempore for a performing artist. This could be through manOdhaRma - like rAga Alapana and swara singing. Even rAgas are always open to interpretation. The consequence of all this has been the system of "schools of music". We refer to them as bANi. This is similar to "gharanas" in Hindustani music.

Veena, being a complex instrument, has varied styles of playing. This variety includes:

• How frequent meettu (i.e. plucking of string) is done
• Importance given to sAhithya
• gamakas (pulling of strings between the frets)
• Adherence to tradition
• Strength of meettu
• Aesthetics

Unlike vocal music, bANis in veeNa are heavily influenced by geography. The bANis may be broadly categorized as:

1. Tanjore bANi:  Tanjore (Thanjavur) had always been the seat of carnatic music, considering that the trinity lived here. The Tanjore quartet (the four brothers who lived here in the 18th century, and said to have learnt from the trinity) were also excellent vaiNikas. veeNa dhanammal, the grand old lady of carnatic music belongs to the parampara of the quartet. Needless to say, the tanjore bANi holds the enviable position of being the oldest and hence the most authoritative system of playing the veeNa. There is a thrust on usage of gamakas and less emphasis on rhythmic acrobatics. meettus are used as sparingly as possible. When used, meettus closely follow the lyrics of the composition - and hence carry the true spirit of the composition. Brinda/mukta (grand-daughters of dhanammal), kalpagam swaminathan and vidUshi padmavathy exemplify this style of playing.
2. KaraikuDi bANi: I wasn't quite aware of this bANi, until I came across a mesmerizing concert of vidUshi rajeswari padmanabhan on youtube. She is a descendant of the karaikuDi veeNa brothers. The tonal quality of the karaikuDi veeNa is superlative - it is manufactured somewhat differently from the tanjore veeNa. Although there are many similarities with the tanjore style of playing, karaikuDi bANi is characterized by strong meettus and grip over laya. The tALa strings are strummed religiously, on every tALa beat. 
3. Mysore bANi: Thinking of veeNa and mysore - what springs to my mind is sangeetha kalAnidhi Doraisamy Iyengar. The mysore bANi lays more emphasis on swaras and hence many more occurrences of meettu than the other bANis. Vidwans and vidushis following the mysore tradition revel in racy passages: the split-fingering mechanism is a hallmark of this bANi. It involves placing the forefinger and middle-finger on adjacent frets and using the latter also for a meettu (in addition to meettus done by the right hand). Sahithya is generally not honoured by vaiNikas of this bANi. Gamakas are employed sparingly.
4. Kerala bANi: Sangeetha kalAnidhi K.S.Narayanaswamy is an exponent of this bANi. The style is very similar to tanjore, but with influences from mysore when it comes to tAnam playing. Other artists following this bANi include Trivandrum R.Venkataraman and to a lesser extent, Anantapadmanabhan.
5. Andhra bANi: Although this bANi also uses the split-fingering technique of the mysore school, gamakas assume an important place. Sahithya is not as religiously followed as the tanjore bANi; nor are the meettus as reckless as the Mysore bANi. Considering the styles of EmaNi sankara sastry and his illustrious student chiTTi bAbu, I would say that the andhra style places lot of emphasis on aesthetics. There is a lot of rapture, and less of rigidity. tALa strings are strummed frequently, even during rAga AlApana.
6. (Secret bANi) or Balachander bANi: This is probably the only bANi that is not driven by geography, but by pure intellect. S.Balachander evolved his own style of playing, making it as gAyaki (i.e. close to vocal music) as possible. It involves pulling the string between frets to achieve higher notes. For eg;- by placing the fingers in the 'gA' fret, and pulling the string progressively - he achieves mA, pA, dhA, etc. This is a radical technique, and ought to be carefully executed - if not, plenty of apashruthis (off-notes) may be heard. Many vaiNikas, regardless of affiliations, have emulated his style. Vidushi Jayanthi Kumaresh, although trained in the Tanjore style, considers Balachander as her "mAnasika guru". Trivandrum Anantapadmanabhan is another vaiNika who appears to have been influenced by the Balachander-style of playing. It still remains a mystery as to why Balachander was not awarded the Sangeetha Kalanidhi (the Nobel prize equivalent for Carnatic music): it could be because of his extremist views on Swati Tirunal, which could have irritated Semmangudi and the like.

A Dikshithar kriti on mahAlakshmi

Compositions on Goddess Mahalakshmi are relatively few. Among the trinity, only Dikshithar managed to compose 8-10 songs on the consort of Lord Vishnu (although Sita devi finds honourable mention in many Tyagaraja kritis - as in "sItamma", "sItArAma", "sItA sowmitRi", "bhAma maNi", etc.). Today, also being "VaramahAlakshmi vRita" day, I'll be analyzing a Dikshithar kRiti: 'hiraNmayeem lakshmI sadA bhajAmi'.

Lakshmi is traditionally known as the goddess of wealth: however wealth is not just materialistic; it can mean wealth of character, wealth of knowledge and so on. The following shlOka summarizes the eight different aspects of mahAlakshmi, together known as ashTalakshmi:

Adi lakshmi, dhAnya lakshmi, dhairya lakshmi namOstutE

Gaja lakshmi, santAna lakshmi, vijaya lakshmi namOstutE

vidyA lakshmi, dhana lakshmi, ashTa lakshmi namOstutE

ashTa lakshmi, mahAlakshmi, harilakshmi namOstutE

Unable to make their ends meet, Dikshithar was once pestered by his wife to borrow money from a money-lender. It is in this context that the kRiti "hiraNmayeem lakshmI" is said to have been composed by Dikshithar. He chose the sober rAga laLitha for this composition. laLitha is the panchama vaRjya rAga of the 15th mELa mAyAmALavagowLa:

ArohaNa: S R1 G3 M1 D1 N3 S

AvarOhaNa: S N3 D1 M1 G3 R1 S

As with other 15th mELa rAgas, the underlying theme is bhakti rasa. The composition starts in an unorthodox way:  with "D1 M1", and is sure to grab anyone's attention. In the pallavi, Dikshithar describes lakshmi as hiraNmayeem (the golden hued). He says he'll meditate on the golden hued lakshmi, but will not depend on any lowly human being (hIna mAnavAshRayam tyajAmi).

The anupallavi qualifies lakshmi as one who gives wealth, but dikshithar makes a point here: "chiratara sampat pRadAm" - which means wealth of an imperishable nature. lakshmi is the daughter of the milky-white ocean (kSheerAmbudi tanayAm); she emanated from the ocean, which the dEvAs and asurAs churned using the mandara mountain. A racy madhyama kAla sAhitya concludes the anupallavi:

harivakSha sthalAlayAm, hariNIm charana kisalayAm,

kara kamala dhRitha kuvalayAm, marakata maNimaya valayAm

A grand charaNa follows. lakshmi is described as residing in a white island (shwEta dwIpa vAsini), and even as srI kamalAmbika herself. She is worshipped by devas and humans alike. dIkshithar addresses lakshmi as "Mother" (mAtara), who wears a garland made of lotus flowers (abja mAlinIm) and decked with ornaments (mANikyAbharaNa dharAm). She is indiRa, who enjoys vocal and instrumental music (gIta vAdya vinOdinim) and is respected by girijA.

Another madhyamakAla now:

sheethakiraNa nibha vadanAm, shrita chintAmaNi sadanAm,

pIta vasanAm guruguha mAtula kAnthAm laLithAm

This is a classic departure from the usual "guruguha nutam" or "guruguha poojitham" - Dikshithar beautifully weaves in the "guruguha" mudra by specifying that lakshmi is the consort of kARtikEyA's mAtula (mother's brother, who is visHNu). Dikshithar also includes the rAga mudra (in laLithAm) effortlessly.

Out of the various renditions by vidwAns and vidUshIs, in my opinion, the one by DK Jayaraman stands out. There are no grand sangathis - the beautiful sAhithya, laLitha's lALithya and DKJ's pADanthara do the magic. NamaskArAs to my guru vidwAn S.Shankar who taught me this beautiful kRiti.

Trinity of Carnatic music

Dikshithar, Tyagaraja and Syama Sastri

The trinity of Carnatic music - comprising of Tyagaraja, Muthuswami Dikshithar and Syama Sastri - were a group of saint-composers who have influenced and shaped Carnatic music in a way no others have. The quality and grandeur of their compositions remains unparalleled to this day. My purpose in the next series of blogs would be to analyze and compare their compositions in various aspects such as:

• Choice of ragas
• Range of talas employed
• Language of the compositions (sAhitya)
• Deities extolled, philosophical inclinations (Dvaita vs Advaita)
• Complexity: how difficult is it to learn and appreciate their compositions
• Usage of mudras (tyAgarAja, guruguha and syAmakRishNa)

Tyagaraja was the most prolific composer among the three; in the sense that the number of compositions attributed to Tyagaraja is more than Dikshithar or Syama Sastri.  He is said to have composed over 24000 songs under various genres, of which around 700 have survived today - thanks to his shishya parampara. This is in contrast to 300-400 of Dikshithar and around 80 of Syama Sastri. 

The Big 6

One of the most important foundation block of the theory of Carnatic music is the system of rAgas. Besides being a scientific system of classification, ragas are capable of generating one or emotions (or rasAs) - such as pathos (karuNa), devotion (bhakti), valour (vIrya), joy (hAsya), etc.

Although a great number of rAgas find place in concert renditions, six ragas stand out - in terms of classicism, popularity, grandeur, and even being yard-sticks to evaluate the vidwat of musicians. These ragas are (in order of their appearance in the mELakaRta scheme):

• tODi
• bhairavi
• kharaharapRiya
• kAmbhOji
• shankarAbharaNam
• kalyANi 

Alapanas and kRiti renditions in these rAgas usually happen to be the "main" item in Carnatic concerts - Purists such as MS Subbulakshmi, Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer, DK Pattammal and KV Narayanaswamy would abide by this unwritten rule almost every time, although there is an increasing tendency these days to present RTPs (Ragam Tanam Pallavis) in sub-main rAgas (such as sAveri or latAngi), lighter rAgas (like behAg and kApi) or even rare rAgas and vivAdi rAgas.

Semmangudi

DK Pattammal

KV Narayanaswamy

MS Subbulaksmi

"The purists"

Four of these are mELa rAgas or parent rAgas, the other two are janya rAgas.  bhairavi inherits from the naTabhairavi mELa whereas kAmbhOji is a janya of the harikAmbhOji mELa. Interestingly, both are bhAshAnga rAgas; meaning they also have anya swarAs which are not found in their parent mELas. bhairavi takes the chaturashra dhaivata (D2) and it is used in the ascending sequences like P D2 N2 S. The descending passages remain true to the naTabhairavi mELa's structure, as in N2 D1 P. In the case of kAmbhOji, the anya swara is kAkali nishAda (N3) and is not as extensive in usage as D2 of bhairavi. N3 appears in what is called a vishesha pRayOga, which is S N3 P D2 S.

Another point to note is that kalyANi is the lone pRathi madhyama: all the other rAgas are shuddha madhyama. This is in concordance with the smaller number of pRathi madhyama rAgas that are in vogue.

Among the Trinity, contributions to kharaharapRiya have come in only from Saint Tyagaraja - it remains a mystery as to why the others didn't compose any kRitis in this rAga.

Most of the kRitis in these ragas are viLamba kAla (slow-tempo or medium-tempo) with long-drawn phrases, although there are a few racy numbers as well. This suggests the importance of gamakAs in these rAgas. 

Due to the sampooRNa (having all swaras) nature and also being samvAdi, these rAgas offer immense scope for improvisation - in particular, rAga AlApana can technically last for a long duration without the phrases getting redundant or repetitive. Stalwarts are known to have sung AlAps for hours; exploring new realms of creativity each time.